What are Tariffs and What does “FREE TRADE” Really Mean?
I’ve seen and heard so much in my life that frankly it takes a lot to surprise me these days. Recently, it was one of those times.
With all the recent talk about tariffs and trade, I decided to conduct a very informal poll of young people and asked them IF they knew how tariffs really worked and what free trade was all about.
Out of 50 people I asked, 35 had no idea, 5 thought they knew, but were wrong in their explanation…only 10 had a pretty good grasp of the concept!
Talk about low-information voters…
I sure wish they teach things like this in HIGH SCHOOL!
So I decided to write up a short “primer” on this topic that maybe will help you and information you can share with your friends, family and young people.
Tariff defined:
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports. Tariffs are used by governments to generate revenue or to protect domestic industries from unfair competition. Many times tariffs are also in place to help prevent foreign companies from FLOODING a foreign market with low cost (and sometimes cheap) goods!
There are generally two types of tariffs:
“Ad valorem” tariff
Ad valorem tariffs are calculated as a fixed percentage of the value of the imported good. When the international price of a good rises or falls, so does the tariff.
For example, ACME Cheese Company in Scotland and exports the cheese to the US, which costs $100 per pound. In order to protect American interests, The US government imposes a 20% Ad valorem tariff would require ACME Cheese Company to pay the U.S. government $20 to export the cheese to the American market.
A “Specific” tariff
A Specific tariff is a fixed amount of money that does not vary with the price of the good. In some cases, both the ad valorem and specific tariffs are levied on the same product.
In the above example, a specific tax would involve charging $30 dollars per pound of cheese whether cheese sold for $100 or $200 per pound. That $ 30.00 is paid to and kept by the federal government. Hopefully they’ll use that money to help domestic cheese production or to encourage “buy American” campaigns!
Why do tariffs matter?
Tariffs make it more expensive for users of foreign goods, potentially causing a decline in imports.
Here is another example…
Say John Deere exports tractors to China. Up to now, say China DID NOT place a tariff on US manufactured tractors coming into China. John Deere sells a consumer a tractor for $ 10,000.00 USD. GREAT! The Chinese consumer gets a great product at a great price and John Deere can keep American employees – employed or even increase production! Again… GREAT!
But what if China decided to impose a 25% tariff on US manufactured tractors. Now that same tractor is going to cost that Chinese consumer $ 12,500.00. Maybe that added cost (tax) is TOO MUCH for that consumer and they decided to no longer buy John Deere tractors. Now all of a sudden John Deere is losing sales and revenue and may have to lay off workers – all because of a foreign IMPORT ad valorem tariff.
Here is another example…Right now “cheap” Chinese steel and aluminum are being exported into the US. Because of their labor cost and tax structure, they can set ARTIFICIALLY low prices on these metals. Next; say Trump Hotels wants to build a new hotel in Denver. It will require a lot of steel. They look at the cost of American steel and then look at the cost of Chinese steel and the Chinese steel is LESS – they buy Chinese steel and in the process, companies like USX (US Steel, actually a French owned company) loses revenue and has to lay off workers. I mean, after all – the project has to come in at or under budget – can’t do it if you buy expensive American steel!
Same thing with aluminum…if Coca Cola needs aluminum for cans and can get it cheaper so they can keep their cost to consumers low, they’ll buy the cheapest aluminum they can get. If they had to buy more expensive US aluminum, they would have to raise prices and might, in the process, lose customers, and the domino effect (loss of revenue, layoffs, key soft goods supplier lose, utility companies lose – everyone loses…) starts all over…
That leads us to today and Donald Trump wanting to set higher tariffs on foreign goods; like steel, aluminum, etc.
Let’s look at the steel example. Let’s say the Trump administration levies a 25% tariff on Chinese steel. Now the US buyers have to pay 25% MORE for the product and it might cause them the re-think that new building thereby causing a domino effect on the entire building project (labor, utilities, soft goods, etc…). So the developer MIGHT look at getting steel from say, Brazil if the US tariff is lower or the overall cost is still less than American steel. OR, maybe the developer wises up, negotiates well and buys the American steel!
Canada’s tariff on American DAIRY products. Even with NAFTA; Canada imposes a 270% tariff on American dairy products! So the poor milk farmer in Minnesota who wants to sell milk to a Canadian sort across the border automatically increases the price 270%! Ok, there are some extenuating circumstances; but the fact remains – some countries impose HUGE tariffs on American goods, yet want OUR borders open to less expensive goods for US to buy keeping their manufacturing and employment base intact – while harming ours.
Ever wonder why VW, Honda, Toyota, Nissan, etc. have factories in the US (and why we build Fords, Chevy’s and Harleys in foreign countries?)
Tariffs! Trade expert’s sometimes find “loopholes” in trade agreements. One of those loopholes surrounds a corporation avoiding tariffs buy manufacturing in the country they want to sell in.
Here is an example: Japan can build a Toyota Sienna van in Tokyo and ship it here for less than you can build one here; BUT the US imposes a TARIFF on Japanese manufactured vehicles, thereby making it MORE expensive to build and ship from there than to just build a plant in Alabama and build the same vehicle here WITHOUT an import tariff. Same with us and Fords. Why do we have Ford plants in Mexico – because you can export from Mexico to South America (and other places) and not have tariffs, where if built and shipped from the US; there are sometimes HUGE tariffs.
It’s just smart business (for revenue, profits and shareholders); but can negatively impact American labor for sure!
Most countries have trade deals and associated tariffs – the biggest issue is when the country we’re exporting too has HUGE tariffs on American goods, yet; because of our addiction to “super low prices” our past administrations have elected to keep import tariffs LOW so that the goods American consumers buy – stay low. THAT’S ONE OF THE MAIN REASONS WHY THERE IS THIS HUGE TRADE DEFICIT WITH CHINA, INDIA, JAPAN, etc. They tariff the hell out of American goods, but their goods come into the US cheaply.
What is FREE TRADE?
Free trade is a policy formed between two or more nations (like NAFTA and the EU) that permits the almost unlimited import or export of goods or services between partner nations. However, there could be some exceptions built into the deal as not all trade is free trade.
Generally speaking though; free trade eliminates tariffs and makes corporations more competitive in foreign markets. Free trade also helps countries generate foreign currency that they can use to purchase the things that they need. Japan, for instance, exports cars and computers to China and the United States, generating foreign currency. Japan takes the revenue it earned from exporting and uses it to import needed products, such as food or mineral fuels.
Free trade opens foreign markets and lowers barriers for corporations that otherwise might not be able to compete against local competitors. As previously mentioned, without free trade agreements, foreign corporations must pay tariffs that increase their cost and decrease competitiveness.
There are some that say free trade can be detrimental to society and can include:
- Economic Dependence – product and low price “addiction”. Why build it if you can get somewhere else cheaper!
- Unbalanced Development – if you make all your money with one product; why diversify?
- Dumping – If you can make and export a product more cheaply than domestic sources – dumping is easy!
- Harmful Products – Free trade generally does not place restriction on goods sold – as long as they are legal!
- International Monopolies – pretty self-explanatory!
- Reduction in Welfare of Certain Groups – and wage depression– lack of completion leads to lack of opportunity.
- Harmful to Less Developed Countries – IF you don’t have the plants, or trained labor to make an item – you can’t compete!
Will there always be some instances of trade deficits and surpluses – sure, should they be SO LOPSIDED? NO!
My personal opinion and stance on tariffs is pretty simple. I believe in a doctrine of fairness. If a foreign country imposes, say a 25% tariff on American goods – we reciprocate with the same. Whatever THEY IMPOSE, we MIRROR what they do. To me; that’s the fairest trade deal of all!